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International

Why power grids are a bottleneck for clean energy

International

Analyzing the varied speeds of energy transition internationally

Albert T. Gudmonson

The transition from fossil fuels to low‑carbon energy systems is neither guaranteed nor consistent, as each nation advances at its own pace due to a multifaceted blend of economics, institutions,…

How energy prices are set in global markets

International

Setting energy prices: a global market perspective

Albert T. Gudmonson

Understanding how energy prices are set requires following multiple interlocking markets, physical logistics and policy levers. Prices emerge from the interaction of supply and demand, but they are shaped by…

What sovereign debt restructuring is and why it takes so long

International

What is sovereign debt restructuring and why does it take so long?

Albert T. Gudmonson

Sovereign debt restructuring is the negotiated or judicially mediated modification of the terms of a country’s external or domestic public debt when the original terms become unsustainable. Restructuring typically changes…

What central banks can do when shocks come from outside

International

What central banks do when shocks originate externally

Albert T. Gudmonson

External shocks—from commodity price surges, wars, and pandemics to foreign monetary tightening and abrupt capital flow reversals—create swift and varied challenges for central banks. The suitable reaction hinges on the…

How do Americans engage with local government: city councils, school boards, elections?

International

Potential Iran War: Xi Gains Upper Hand in Trump Discussions, Sources Reveal

Albert T. Gudmonson

A crucial meeting between China and the United States is approaching under the shadow of geopolitical uncertainty.China is pressing ahead with plans for a high-level meeting between its leader Xi…

International

Iran War Stalemate: Xi’s Leverage in Trump Discussions, According to Sources

Albert T. Gudmonson

A crucial meeting between China and the United States is approaching under the shadow of geopolitical uncertainty.China is pressing ahead with plans for a high-level meeting between its leader Xi…

How inflation can be imported from abroad

International

Global Inflationary Pressures: The Imported Inflation Phenomenon

Albert T. Gudmonson

Inflation does not originate only from domestic demand or wage pressures. Open economies routinely absorb price pressures originating overseas. Imported inflation occurs when increases in the prices of goods and…

International

Dangers of Sole Energy Provider Dependence

Albert T. Gudmonson

Relying on a single energy supplier occurs when a household, business, community, or country receives most or all of its electricity, natural gas, heating fuel, or essential components for renewable…

How climate compliance is monitored when data is weak

International

Monitoring Climate Compliance: Weak Data Challenges

Albert T. Gudmonson

Insufficient or patchy environmental information poses a widespread obstacle for governments, regulators, and companies seeking to uphold climate obligations. Such weak data may arise from limited monitoring networks, uneven self-reporting…

How peace processes balance stability and accountability

International

Balancing Stability & Accountability in Peace Processes

Albert T. Gudmonson

Peace processes must navigate a central tension: stabilizing a post-conflict environment quickly enough to prevent renewed violence, while ensuring sufficient accountability to address grievances, deter future abuses, and deliver justice…